Research Outputs

CDT WIRe students actively contribute to research on water infrastructure and resilience. Here, you will find recently published research by our researchers.

Outputs	No.
Peer Reviewed Journal Publications	17
Conference Presentations	53

Journal Publications

Title: Fatigue failure analysis of grey cast iron water pipes accounting for fatigue strength variation

Authors: Edward John, Joby Boxall, Richard Collins, Elisabeth Bowman, Luca Susmel

Published In: Engineering Failure Analysis

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Abstract

Fatigue cracking is thought to be a critical failure mode for Grey Cast Iron (GCI) water pipes; however, this failure mechanism is poorly understood. Using a novel approach to sourcing GCI pipe material for testing, the variation in fatigue strength between pipes from the same batch was experimentally quantified. These results were used to assess the impact of fatigue strength variation on a hypothetical but realistic GCI water pipe years-to-failure scenario. Full-pipe sections were used during fatigue testing and the observed failure mode gave physical meaning to the years-to-fatigue-failure predictions for the first time. The accumulation of fatigue damage was predicted to represent a terminal and very small part of a GCI pipe’s life, so the loads applied to a GCI pipe early in its life are likely to have a limited impact on its remaining life and so do not need to be included in predictive modelling. For the scenario considered here, the predicted variation in lifetime was an 8.6-year range about an average of 59.4 years. GCI pipes in the UK are all > 50 years old, so this is a significant variation for asset and investment planners to account for as these pipes approach the end of their lives.

Title: Constructed wetlands as nature-based solutions in managing per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Evidence, mechanisms, and modelling

Authors: Pinelopi Savvidou, Gabriela Dotro, Pablo Campo, Frederic Coulon, and Tao Lyu

Published In: Science of The Total Environment

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Abstract

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have emerged as newly regulated micropollutants, characterised by extreme recalcitrance and environmental toxicity. Constructed wetlands (CWs), as a nature-based solution, have gained widespread application in sustainable water and wastewater treatment and offer multiple environmental and societal benefits. Despite CWs potential, knowledge gaps persist in their PFAS removal capacities, associated mechanisms, and modelling of PFAS fate. This study carried out a systematic literature review, supplemented by unpublished experimental data, demonstrating the promise of CWs for PFAS removal from the influents of varying sources and characteristics. Median removal performances of 64, 46, and 0% were observed in five free water surface (FWS), four horizontal subsurface flow (HF), and 18 vertical flow (VF) wetlands, respectively. PFAS adsorption by the substrate or plant root/rhizosphere was deemed as a key removal mechanism. Nevertheless, the available dataset resulted unsuitable for a quantitative analysis. Data-driven models, including multiple regression models and machine learning-based Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were employed to predict PFAS removal. These models showed better predictive performance compared to various mechanistic models, which include two adsorption isotherms. The results affirmed that artificial intelligence is an efficient tool for modelling the removal of emerging contaminants with limited knowledge of chemical properties. In summary, this study consolidated evidence supporting the use of CWs for mitigating new legacy PFAS contaminants. Further research, especially long-term monitoring of full-scale CWs treating real wastewater, is crucial to obtain additional data for model development and validation.

Title: A validated reverse-phase LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of haloacetic acids in drinking water: supporting the transition from HAA5 to HAA9

Authors: Polly L. Grundy, Peter R. Jarvis, Bruce Jefferson, John Fawell, John A. Haley, Emma H. Goslan

Published In: H2Open Journal

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Abstract

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are potentially toxic by-products formed from interactions between organic matter and chlorine during disinfection of drinking water, with brominated HAAs forming when bromide is present. Some countries require monitoring of drinking water for five HAAs, but there is increasing health concern related to the more toxic brominated HAAs and monitoring of nine HAAs (HAA9) is becoming more widespread. However, existing methods of analysis for HAA9 are often sub-optimal, involving complex derivatisation steps and/or long analytical run times. This article presents an improved methodology utilising reverse-phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for which sample preparation involves simple pH adjustment and the analytical run takes 10 min. The efficacy of the method was demonstrated by a full validation across four drinking water matrices with good sensitivity (<0.8 μg/L), precision (<7%), and bias (<10%) observed. A direct comparison using real water samples was performed against the widely used existing gas chromatography method. The new LC-MS/MS method was significantly quicker and easier and demonstrated improved performance in terms of accuracy and precision. This has implications for understanding the risk posed by HAAs in chlorinated water by eliminating the possible historical under-estimates of the levels of the more toxic brominated compounds.

Title: A cost-benefit ‘source-receptor’ framework for implementation of Blue-Green flood risk management

Authors: Christos Iliadis, Vassilis Glenis, Chris Kilsby

Published In: Journal of Hydrology

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Abstract

As floods are a major and growing source of risk in urban areas, there is a necessity to improve flood risk management frameworks and civil protection through planning interventions that modify surface flow pathways and introduce storage. Despite the complexity of densely urbanised areas (topography, buildings, green spaces, roads), modern flood models can represent urban features and flow characteristics in order to help researchers, local authorities, and insurance companies to develop and improve efficient flood risk frameworks to achieve resilience in cities. A cost-benefit driven ‘source-receptor’ flood risk framework is developed in this study to identify (1) locations contributing to surface flooding (sources), (2) buildings and locations at high flood risk (receptors), (3) the cost-benefit nexus between the ‘source’ and the ‘receptor’, and finally (4) ways to mitigate flooding at the ‘receptor’ by adding Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) in critical locations. The analysis is based on five steps to identify the ‘source’ and the ‘receptor’ in a study area based on the flood exposure of buildings, damages arising from flooding and available green spaces with the best potential to add sustainable and resilient solutions to reduce flooding. The framework was developed using the detailed hydrodynamic model CityCAT in a case study of the city centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. The novelty of this analysis is that firstly, multiple storm magnitudes (i.e. small and large floods) are used combined with a method to locate the areas and the buildings at flood risk and a prioritized set of best places to add interventions upstream and downstream. Secondly, planning decisions are informed by considering the benefit from reduced damages to properties and the cost to construct resilient BGI options rather than a restricted hydraulic analysis considering only flood depths and storages in isolation from real world economics.

Title: A dynamic framework to align company climate reporting and action with global climate targets

Authors: Anna Christy, Marwa Elnahass, Jaime Amezaga, Anthony Browne, Oliver Heidrich

Published In: Business Strategy and the Environment (2024)

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Abstract

There are global aspirations to reach net zero emissions, which triggered the development of standards, guidance and tools to measure and manage climate action across countries, sectors and companies. However, carbon accounting inaccuracies, ambiguous emissions disclosures and unambitious climate targets are hampering these aspirations. This paper reports on the disparity between high-level guidance and practical implementation of carbon accounting and reporting at company level. By conducting a systematic literature analysis and focussing on the English Water sector, we utilise case study data from Northumbrian Water Limited (NWL), to identify limitations in the current guidance and frameworks. The results indicate the necessity for enhanced alignment in high-level guidance, particularly regarding the Greenhouse Gas Protocol and the Science-Based Target Initiative. It is evident that clarity and consistency from high-level resources are essential for climate mitigation. This paper shows, depending on the sector and company types, that different benefits are gained from using the available resources. We propose a carbon measurement and management process for the English Water sector (and beyond) to reach net zero targets and make recommendations for decision makers. This helps to understand best practices of carbon accounting and reporting and to make effective investment decisions. Consequently, we advocate for policy interventions to improve the standardisation of carbon accounting models. Harmonising international regulatory frameworks and standards is needed, which will empower organisations to effectively assess, manage and reduce their carbon footprints.

Title: A data quality assessment framework for drinking water distribution system water quality time series datasets

Authors: Killian Gleeson, Stewart Husband, John Gaffney, and Joby Boxall

Published In: AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society (2023)

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Abstract

The derivation of information from monitoring drinking water quality at high spatiotemporal resolution as it passes through complex, ageing distribution systems is limited by the variable data quality from the sensitive scientific instruments necessary. A framework is developed to overcome this. Application to three extensive real-world datasets, consisting of 92 multi-parameter water quality time series of data taken from different hardware configurations, shows how the algorithms can provide quality-assured data and actionable insight. Focussing on turbidity and chlorine, the framework consists of three steps to bridge the gap between data and information; firstly, an automated rule-based data quality assessment is developed and applied to each water quality sensor, then, cross-correlation is used to determine spatiotemporal relationships and finally, spatiotemporal information enables multi-sensor data quality validation. The framework provides a method to achieve automated data quality assurance, applicable to both historic and online datasets, such that insight and actionable insight can be gained to help ensure the supply of safe, clean drinking water to protect public health.

Title: The influence of 4D landscape visualisation on attitudes to reservoir renaturalisation

Authors: Daryl Hughes, Geoff Parkin, Jaime Amezaga, Andy Large, Kat Liney, Alice Senior, Alethea Goddard

Published In: Landscape and Urban Planning, 221, p.104372

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Abstract

In scientific studies, replicas should replicate, and identical conditions should produce very similar results which enable parameters to be tested. However, in microbial experiments which use real world mixed inocula to generate a new “adapted” community, this replication is very hard to achieve. The diversity within real-world microbial systems is huge, and when a subsample of this diversity is placed into a reactor vessel or onto a surface to create a biofilm, stochastic processes occur, meaning there is heterogeneity within these new communities. The smaller the subsample, the greater this heterogeneity is likely to be. Microbial fuel cells are typically operated at a very small laboratory scale and rely on specific communities which must include electrogenic bacteria, known to be of low abundance in most natural inocula. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer a unique opportunity to investigate and quantify variability as they produce current when they metabolize, which can be measured in real time as the community develops. In this research, we built and tested 28 replica MFCs and ran them under identical conditions. The results showed high variability in terms of the rate and amount of current production. This variability perpetuated into subsequent feeding rounds, both with and without the presence of new inoculate. In an attempt to control this variability, reactors were reseeded using established “good” and “bad” reactors. However, this did not result in replica biofilms, suggesting there is a spatial as well as a compositional control over biofilm formation.

Title: Impact of resin loading on ion exchange equilibrium for removal of organic matter and inorganic ions

Authors: Lucie Pidoux, Holly Shorney-Darby, Elisabeth Vaudevire, Bram Martijn, Peter Jarvis, Irene Carra

Published In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022

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Abstract

Ion Exchange (IEX) applications for drinking water can be limited due to high volumes of brine, brine waste and treated water corrosivity. Reusing the resin by operating at reduced regeneration frequency can overcome this. However, assessing changes on the resin loading over reuse cycles is complex because multiple presaturant ions participate in the exchange and existing models only account for the exchange with one presaturant ion. This study developed a theoretical multicomponent model for the determination of IEX equilibria when the resin loading increases due to reuse. The model suggested that both electrostatic interactions and admicelle formation were the separation mechanisms. The model revealed that under reduced regeneration frequencies, brine use and waste generation can be reduced by more than 90%, where the bicarbonate-form resin offered the potential for lower corrosivity. However, changes in resin loading after 5 reuse cycles showed that the risk of corrosion increased. For the tested source water, reusing the bicarbonate-form resin every 5 cycles would achieve the most sustainable option with 41% NOM removal and 79% brine and waste reduction. Under these conditions, almost 100% of exchange capacity is recovered after regeneration.

Title: Urban Flood Modelling under Extreme Rainfall Conditions for Building-Level Flood Exposure Analysis

Authors: Christos Iliadis, Panagiota Galiatsatou, Vassilis Glenis, Panagiotis Prinos, Chris Kilsby

Published In: Journal of Flood Risk Management

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Abstract

The expansion of urban areas and the increasing frequency and magnitude of intense rainfall events are anticipated to contribute to the widespread escalation of urban flood risk across the globe. To effectively mitigate future flood risks, it is crucial to combine a comprehensive examination of intense rainfall events in urban areas with the utilization of detailed hydrodynamic models. This study combines extreme value analysis techniques applied to rainfall data ranging from sub-hourly to daily durations with a high-resolution flood modelling analysis at the building level in the centre of Thessaloniki, Greece. A scaling procedure is employed to rainfall return levels assessed by applying the generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution to annual maximum fine-temporal-scale data, and these scaling laws are then applied to more reliable daily rainfall return levels estimated by means of the generalised Pareto distribution (GPD), in order to develop storm profiles with durations of 1 h and 2 h. The advanced flood model, CityCAT, is then used for the simulation of pluvial flooding, providing reliable assessments of building-level exposure to flooding hazards. The results of the analysis conducted provide insights into flood depths and water flowpaths in the city centre of Thessaloniki, identifying major flowpaths along certain main streets resulting in localised flooding, and identifying around 165 and 186 buildings highly exposed to inundation risk in the study area for 50-year storm events with durations of 1 h and 2 h, respectively. For the first time in this study area, a detailed analysis of extreme rainfall events is combined with a high-resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM), used as an input into the advanced and fully featured CityCAT hydrodynamic model, to assess critical flowpaths and buildings at high flood risk. The results of this study can aid in the planning and design of resilient solutions to combat urban flash floods, as well as contribute to targeted flood damage mitigation and flood risk reduction.

Title: Assessing heavy metal contamination and ecological risk of urban topsoils in Tarkwa, Ghana

Authors: Linda Bentuma Osei, Shadrack Fosu, Samuel Agyarko Ndur & Samuel Yeboah Nyarko

Published In: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution, contamination levels, pollution degree and ecological risks of eight heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in topsoils of UMaT, Brahabobom, A’koon, Boboobo and Bogoso Junction (areas in Tarkwa, a mining town in Ghana). Eighty soil samples were collected, and metal concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results revealed that Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations exceeded the WHO/FAO (2001) standard in some areas. The geoaccumulation index (I_geo) value of metals in soils under study revealed extreme contamination by Pb and Mn; however, Mn was in abundance due to the presence of Mn minerals in the study area. The study area was also moderately contaminated by Cd, Cu and Zn. Cd and Pb posed a considerable and very high potential ecological risk to the study area, respectively, especially at Bogoso Junction. The two metals were mainly from vehicular traffic and the activities of auto mechanics at Bogoso Junction. Nemerow’s pollution index also revealed that about 20% of the study area was polluted, mainly from Cu and Pb concentrations.

Title: Representing buildings and urban features in hydrodynamic flood models

Authors: Christos Iliadis et al.,

Published In: Journal of Flood Risk Management (DOI: 10.1111/JFR3.12950)

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Abstract

Flood risk in cities and built-up areas is a major threat which is likely to grow due to increased urbanization and climate change. It is a priority for urban planning, civil defence, and insurance to accurately represent buildings and urban features in hydrodynamic models to assess flood risk to people, properties, assets, and infrastructure in an uncertain future. The correct representation of urban features in models is currently blocked by the lack of detailed and accurate techniques and has become a priority for the improvement of urban flood modelling now that better data and computational resources are available. This study has reviewed the available approaches for the representation of buildings and urban features and implemented the widely used “stubby building” approximation as well as a more realistic and innovative “building hole” approach using the hydrodynamic model CityCAT. The city centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, was used as a case study, allowing independent validation of the methods and direct, systematic comparison of performance. Shortcomings of the approximate method are described, and guidance given on limits to its reliable application and scope for improvement.

Title: Cloud Modelling of Property-Level Flood Exposure in Megacities

Authors: Christos Iliadis et al.,

Published In: MDPI

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Abstract

Surface water flood risk is projected to increase worldwide due to the growth of cities as well as the frequency of extreme rainfall events. Flood risk modelling at high resolution in megacities is now feasible due to the advent of high spatial resolution terrain data, fast and accurate hydrodynamic models, and the power of cloud computing platforms. Analysing the flood exposure of urban features in these cities during multiple storm events is essential to understanding flood risk for insurance and planning and ultimately for designing resilient solutions. This study focuses on London, UK, a sprawling megacity that has experienced damaging floods in the last few years. The analysis highlights the key role of accurate digital terrain models (DTMs) in hydrodynamic models. Flood exposure at individual building level is evaluated using the outputs from the CityCAT model driven by a range of design storms of different magnitudes, including validation with observations of a real storm event that hit London on the 12 July 2021. Overall, a novel demonstration is presented of how cloud-based flood modelling can be used to inform exposure insurance and flood resilience in cities of any size worldwide, and a specification is presented of what datasets are needed to achieve this aim.

Title: Multiaxial fatigue of water pipe grey cast iron

Authors: Edward John et al.,

Published In: International Journal of Fatigue

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Abstract

Grey Cast Iron (GCI) water pipes are subject to multiaxial, cyclic stresses caused by combinations of loads such as internal water pressure and road vehicle weight. However, the multiaxial fatigue performance of this material has not previously been characterised. To address this gap more than 45 fatigue tests, including some under non-proportional tension-torsion loading, were completed using a GCI material very similar to water pipe GCI. Of the four multiaxial fatigue criteria tested, the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) criterion provided the best predictions by a narrow margin, supporting the idea that a tensile cracking mode dominates the fatigue life of GCI.

Conference Presentations

Title: Experimental observations of the initial leaks formed in pitted grey cast iron water pipes due to cyclic water pressure fatigue loading

Conference: International Water Association World Water Congress and Exhibition, Toronto, 2024

Authors: Edward John et al.,

Title: Experimental investigation of the fatigue strength and leakage failure mode of corroded cast iron water pipes

Conference: 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI), Ferrara, Italy.

Authors: Edward John et al.,

Title: Experimental validation of a model for predicting the bending fatigue strength of corroded grey cast iron water pipes

Conference: 9th Engineering Integrity Society International Conference on Durability & Fatigue (Fatigue 2024), Cambridge, UK.

Authors: Edward John et al.,

Title: Extreme rainfall and 2D flood modelling in urban catchments to assess flood exposure of buildings. A case study in Thessaloniki city, Greece

Conference: 12th World Congress on Water Resources and Environment (EWRA 2023), Greece, 2023

Authors: Christos Iliadis et al.,

Title: Material and Biofilm Accumulation in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Conference: Water Quality Technology Conference & Exposition, 2023, USA

Authors: Jade Rogers et al.,

Title: Influencing shower behaviour using real time feedback and goal-based messaging

Conference: 11th IWA Efficient Urban Water Management Conference, 2023, France

Authors: Harry Nicklin et al.,

Title: Understanding Cryptosporidium trends in a large UK catchment

Conference: 40^thInternational Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR) Conference, 2023, Austria

Authors: Alan Smalley et al.,

Title: The role of hydrogen for a resilient and low-emissions UK water sector

Conference: 9^thIWA Aspire Conference & Exhibition 2023, Taiwan

Authors: Ravina Bains et al.,

Title: Impact of experimentally determined grey cast iron pipe fatigue strength variation on years-to-leakage predictions

Conference: 19th International Computing and Control for the Water Industry Conference (CCWI), 2023, Leicster, UK

Authors: Edward John et al.,

Title: Plain and notch fatigue strength of water pipe grey cast iron

Conference: 17th International Conference on Engineering Structural Integrity Assessment and 2023 International Symposium on Structural Integrity (ESIA17–ISSI2023), 2023, Manchester, UK

Authors: Edward John et al.,

Title: Chomping into the attitude-behaviour gap: using smart sensors and goal setting to influence shower behaviour

Conference: SWIG Sensing in Water 2023

Authors: Harry Nicklin et al.,

Title: Developing biomarkers for tracking antimicrobial resistance in wastewater

Conference: The International Conference: Towards a Global Wastewater Surveillance System for Public Health, 2023

Authors: Sreelakshmi Babu et al.,

Title: Understanding the Selective Removal of Organic Matter by Coagulation and Ion-exchange in Lowland Surface Water Treatment: Impact on Treatment and Operational Benefits

Conference: IWA 8^th Specialist Conference on Natural Organic Matter (NOM 8), 2023 South Africa

Authors: Samuel Nyarko et al.,

Title: Consumer Demand in Intermittent Water Supply: A Case Study of Lahan, Nepal

Conference: 19th Computing and Control for the Water Industry (CCWI) Conference, 2023, Leicester UK

Authors: Matthew MacRorie et al.,

Title: Introduction of a Simple and Effective Analytical Method for Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water by Reverse Phase LC-MS/MS

Conference: RSC Analytical Research Forum 2023, London

Authors: Polly Grundy et al.,

Title: Investigating the Chemistry of Brominated Disinfection By-Product Formation

Conference: UK Water Network Conference 2023

Authors: Polly Grundy et al.,

Title: NOM compositional impacts on coagulant demand and water treatability

Conference: IWA 8^th Specialist Conference on Natural Organic Matter (NOM 8), 2023 South Africa

Authors: Daniel Ruth et al.,

Title: Using smart sensors with automatic timers to influence shower behaviour

Conference: Waterwise Conference 2023 – Running out of water – water efficiency’s key role in affordability, growth and resilience

Authors: Harry Nicklin et al.,

Title: Use of flow cytometry data to monitor biological stability in operational drinking water supply systems

Conference: 19th Computing and Control for the Water Industry Conference, 2023, UK

Authors: Isabel Carneiro et al.,

Title: TBC

Conference: 12th World Congress on Water Resources and Environment (EWRA 2023), Greece, 2023

Authors: Ali Leonard et al.,

Title: TBC

Conference: WWT Smart Water, 2023, UK

Authors: Killian Gleeson et al.,

Title: Quantification of wastewater resilience metrics

Conference: IWA Water Resource Recovery Modelling Seminar, 2023, South Africa

Authors: Anna Laino et al.,

Title: TBC

Conference: 11th Biennial Conference of the International Society for Industrial Ecology, 2023, The Netherlands

Authors: Anna Christy et al.,

Title: TBC

Conference: Watermatex, 2023, Canada

Authors: Anna Laino et al.,

Title:

Conference: Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) Conference 2023

Authors: Clervie Genevois et al.,

Title: Modelling the fate of micropollutants during wastewater treatment

Conference: Cranfield Doctoral Network Annual Conference, 2023

Authors: Pinelopi Savvidou et al.,

Title: Modelling the fate of micropollutants during wastewater treatment: A critical review of the existing fate models

Conference: Early Career People in Water Conference 2022

Authors: Pinelopi Savvidou et al.,

Title: Modelling the Fate of Micropollutants during Wastewater Treatment: Status and Challenges

Conference: 10th Conference of the UK Wastewater Network, Cranfield University, 2022

Authors: Pinelopi Savvidou et al.,

Title: Determining the Spatio-Temporal Relationship Between Water Quality Monitors in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

At: 14th International Conference on Hydroinformatics – HIC 2022, Romania

Authors: Killian Gleeson et al.,

Title:

At: Water Wastewater Environmental Monitoring Conference, 2022, UK

Authors: Killian Gleeson et al.,

Title: Monitoring the Right Parameters for the Enhanced Treatment of Natural Organic Matter Laden Water Sources

At: Water Quality Technology Conference, 2022, USA

Authors: Daniel Ruth et al.,

Title: When will it leak?: Investigating how fatigue cracking can cause grey cast iron pipes to leak

Conference: 2nd International Conference on Water Distribution System Analysis & Computing and Control in the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI), 2022, Spain

Authors: Edward John et al.,

Title: Disinfection Residual Behaviour within Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Conference: 2nd International Conference on Water Distribution System Analysis & Computing and Control in the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI), 2022, Spain

Authors: Jade Rogers et al.,

Title: A conceptual model of intermittent water supply (IWS)

Conference: 2nd International Conference on Water Distribution System Analysis & Computing and Control in the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI), 2022, Spain

Authors: Matthew MacRorie et al.,

Title: A model of intermittent water supply simulating the inequitable distribution of water

Conference: 1st Water-WISER Early Career Researcher Conference, 2022, Loughborough UK

Authors: Matthew MacRorie et al.,

Title: The impact of drinking water network model spatial and temporal scale on hydraulic metrics indicating discolouration risk

Conference: 2nd International Conference on Water Distribution System Analysis & Computing and Control in the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI), 2022, Spain

Authors: Reinar Lokk et al.,

Title: Geostatistical Approach to Understanding the Effect of Rainfall Spatial-Temporal Uncertainty on a Small Urban Hydraulic Model

Conference: 12^thUrban Drainage Modelling Conference, 2022, USA

Authors: Philippa Mohan et al.,

Title: TBC

Conference: 25th European Junior Scientists Workshop on Monitoring Urban Drainage systems and rivers, 2022, France

Authors: Philippa Mohan et al.,

Title: Groundwater Resilience under Extreme Drought

Conference: Peter Wolf Symposium 2022

Authors: Ellie McGrady et al.,

Title: Heavy metal and ammonia mixture toxicity towards mixed electroactive biofilms

Conference: International Society for Microbial Electrochemistry and Technology ISMET8, 2022, Crete

Authors: Sam Settle et al.,

Title:

Conference: Singapore International Water Week (SIWW), 2022, Singapore

Authors: Lucie Bertolaso et al.,

Title:

Conference: 15th Conference of the UK Water Network on Potable Water Treatment and Supply, 2022, UK

Authors: Lucie Bertolaso et al.,

Title:

Conference: International Ozone Association EA3G Conference, 2022, France

Authors: Lucie Bertolaso et al.,

Title: Contrasting Biological, Genetic And Chemical Markers For Triaging AMR Potential In Wastewater Monitoring For Health Protection

Conference: Environmental Dimension of Antibiotic Resistance (EDAR 6) Conference, 2022, Sweden

Authors: Sreelakshmi Babu et al.,

Title: Developing biomarkers for tracking antimicrobial resistance in wastewater

Conference: Environmental Biotechnology Network Conference, Edinburgh

Authors: Sreelakshmi Babu et al.,

Title: The role of hydrogen for a resilient and low-emissions UK water sector

Conference: 9th Conference of the UK Wastewater Network 2022

Authors: Ravina Bains et al.,

Title: Groundwater Resilience under Extreme Drought

Conference: Peter Wolf Symposium 2022

Authors: Ellie McGrady et al.,

Title: Influencing shower behaviour using automatic timers and goal-based messaging

Conference: CDT-Sustainable Infrastructure and Cities Conference

Authors: Harry Nicklin et al.,

Title: Achieving Biological Stability in Drinking Water Supply Systems